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Cadmium is a kind of metal element, the element symbol is Cd, English name: Cadmium, atomic number is 48, density of 8.65g/cm³. Cadmium is silver-white, slightly bluish luster, soft wear resistant, ductile and malleable, flammable and irritating. The melting point is 320.9ºC and the boiling point is between 765 ºC and 767ºC. It is a rare element in nature, and its content is about 0.1~0.2mg/kg in the earth's crust. Cadmium occurs in zinc ore. Cadmium oxidizes and tarnishes slowly in moist air. When heated, a brown oxide layer is formed. Cadmium vapor burns to produce brown smoke. Cadmium reacts with sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids to produce cadmium salts. Cadmium has good corrosion resistance to brine and lye. Cadmium can be used in nickel-cadmium batteries, plastics and metal plating, car tires, some light-emitting electronic components and nuclear reactor components. Cadmium oxide is brown, sulfide is bright yellow, is a hard to dissolve pigment, commonly used in the production of pigments, paints, dyes, printing ink and other yellow pigments. Cadmium can cause great harm to human body and environment, so attention should be paid to prevention.
Cadmium application distribution
The main application of cadmium is in the battery industry, where it is used in niccd batteries, which are increasingly being replaced by lithium-ion batteries in laptops and mobile phones. Cadmium's toxicity has led to legislation banning it, particularly in the European Union. Currently, nearly 86 percent of the world's cadmium is used to make nickel-cadmium batteries, 9 percent to make pigments, 4 percent to make paints, and 1 percent to make alloys, solar panels and stabilizers.
In terms of consumption: In terms of countries, cadmium consumption in China, Belgium and Japan accounts for 77% of the global total, followed by China (33%), Belgium (32%) and Japan (12%). In terms of downstream applications, cadmium-nickel cells account for the majority of global consumption, with the remainder distributed as follows, in decreasing order of consumption: pigments, coatings and electroplating, plastics, non-ferrous alloys, and other specialized uses (including photovoltaic equipment).
Small portable nickel-cadmium batteries account for 80% of cadmium consumption in nickel-cadmium batteries, which are mainly used in consumer electronics. Industrial nickel-cadmium batteries account for the remaining 20 percent, mainly in the aviation and rail industries: in aviation, nickel-cadmium batteries provide starting power for engines and can be used as backup power for aircraft circuitry; In railway systems, nickel-cadmium batteries are used to start locomotive engines and provide power for passenger cars and track signals. Nickel-cadmium batteries are popular in mid-range consumer electronics and appliances because of their cost advantages over other chemical batteries. The average price of nickel-cadmium batteries in 2012 was around $1.20, nearly 62% cheaper than lithium-ion batteries and 77% cheaper than nickel-metal-cyanide batteries.
In the past few years, lithium-ion batteries have been replacing nickel-cadmium batteries in some low-end electronics as their cost has fallen and their storage capacity has increased.
Nickel-cadmium batteries are technically more stable and reliable than other rechargeable batteries, so nickel-cadmium batteries continue to be used in some industrial applications.
Nickel-cadmium batteries power electric cars and are used in many hybrids. Nickel-cadmium batteries are also being used as buffer storage for electric hybrid systems in remote and underdeveloped areas. The hybrid system is transportable and renewable.
Industrial-scale nickel-cadmium batteries also have the potential to store energy for grid-connected solar or wind devices. It stores excess power during periods of low demand and can deploy it for peak use. The stability and reliability of nickel-cadmium batteries also enable them to be used in harsh offshore environments.
Advantages and disadvantages of nickel-cadmium batteries
The nickel-cadmium battery industry is almost entirely concentrated in Asia, with important producers including: BYD Co. LTD. (China); Panasonic (Japan); Sanyo Electric (Japan).
pigment
The inorganic golden cadmium sulfide is mainly used as pigment. In pigment applications, cadmium pigments are substitutes for zinc and and cadmium sulfide, which ranges from golden yellow to purplish red, is substitutes for selenium. Cadmium pigment has the characteristics of light resistance, sun fast, excellent weather resistance, high temperature resistance, strong hiding power, strong coloring power, no migration, no color penetration and so on. It is widely used in plastics, coatings, color master, rubber, leather, intaglio printing ink, fine art pigment, high-grade lacquer, enamel, ceramics, glass, colored sand and other building materials and electronic industry. In terms of polymer coloring, it can be used for almost all resins and plastics. But it is mainly used for the coloring of engineering plastics, which are processed at high temperatures, whereas cadmium pigments can withstand rising temperatures without mutating.
Coatings and electroplating
Cadmium coatings play an important role in aviation and military applications. Safety concerns are likely to arise if paints are replaced in these applications. Cadmium is commonly used in the plating of firmware on aircraft landing racks, and because it has properties not found in other anticorruption paints, it is also used in the manufacture of parachutes.
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Basic introduction
Cadmium discovery and industry development
Distribution of cadmium resources and mineral production
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Effects of cadmium on human health and environment
Cadmium industry standard
Well-known enterprises and associations in the cadmium industry
Cadmium industry important news inventory
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Calcium was widely used in building life before scientists discovered it
Battery industry is an important consumption industry of lead, among which automobile batteries account for 80% of the total battery
The ceramic and glass industries are the most important industries for the use of strontium terminals
China is one of the countries that discovered and used antimony earlier in the world
Xiaobian recommendation
1 Lead is a kind of toxic heavy metal which does great harm to human body
2. Why do no actual "calcium minerals" exist in nature?
3 Titanium alloys for important uses such as aviation need to be melted three times
Gallium occurs mainly in bauxite
5. Introduction of manganese ore species
Vacuum carbon reduction is an important method to produce niobium metal
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Extended reading
Zinc is second only to copper and aluminum in non-ferrous metal consumption
Lithium is widely used in batteries, ceramics, glass, lubricants, refrigerating liquids, the nuclear industry and the photoelectric industry
Tellurium is mainly used in the metallurgical industry as an alloying element in the nonferrous industry and in cast iron and steel
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1
hydrogen
2
helium
3
lithium
4
beryllium
5
boron
6
carbon
7
nitrogen
8
oxygen
9
fluorine
10
neon
11
sodium
12
magnesium
13
aluminum
14
silicon
15
phosphorus
16
sulfur
17
chlorine
18
argon
19
potassium
20
calcium
21
scandium
22
titanium
23
vanadium
24
chromium
25
manganese
26
iron
27
cobalt
28
nickel
29
copper
30
zinc
31
gallium
32
germanium
33
34
selenium
35
bromine
36
krypton
37
Rb.
38
strontium
39
yttrium
40
zirconium
41
niobium
42
molybdenum
43
technetium
44
ruthenium
45
rhodium
46
palladium
47
silver
48
cadmium
49
indium
50
tin
51
antimony
52
tellurium
53
iodine
54
xenon
55
cesium
56
barium
57
lanthanum
58
cerium
59
praseodymium
60
nd
61
promethium
62
samarium
63
europium
64
gadolinium
65
terbium
66
dysprosium
67
holmium
68
erbium
69
thulium
70
ytterbium
71
lutetium
72
hafnium
73
tantalum
74
tungsten
75
rhenium
76
osmium
77
iridium
78
platinum
79
gold
80
81
thallium
82
lead
83
bismuth
84
polonium
85
astatine
86
radon
87
Eka cesium
88
radium
89
actinium
90
thorium
91
magnesium
92
uranium
93
neptunium
94
plutonium
95
americium
96
curium
97
berkelium
98
californium
99
were
100
fermium
101
mendelevium
102
nobelium
103
lawrencium
104
she
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
ð
111
element
112
Cn
113
Uut
114
Fl
115
Uup
116
Lv
117
Uus
118
Uuo
What harm does excessive intake of cadmium bring to human body?
Cadmium is not an essential element for human body, and it is an environmental pollutant. Under normal circumstances, excessive intake of cadmium can lead to cadmium poisoning. The World Health Organization lists cadmium as a priority food pollutant; The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies cadmium as a human carcinogen, which can cause serious health damage to humans. The United States Bureau for Poison and Disease Registry (ATSDR) lists cadmium as the seventh hazardous substance to human health; China has also listed cadmium as one of the key monitoring indicators for total emission control.
1. Acute poisoning
Cadmium is a toxic element and its compounds are even more toxic. It was a chemical compound that didn't interact with human life, but the Industrial revolution unleashed the devil. Foreign research estimates that 22,000 tons of cadmium enter the soil every year. In nature, cadmium compounds have different toxicity. The toxicity of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenosulfonic acid is lower, while the toxicity of cadmium oxide, cadmium chloride and cadmium sulfate is higher. Cadmium poisoning in humans averages 100mg. The main symptoms of acute poisoning are nausea, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and then lead to the symptoms of central nervous poisoning. Severe cases may result in death due to collapse.
2. Subchronic and chronic toxicity
When the environment is polluted by cadmium, cadmium can be enriched in the biological body, through the food chain into the human body to cause chronic poisoning. The biological half-life of cadmium is 10~30 years, and the bioenrichment effect is significant. Even if the contact is stopped, most of the accumulated cadmium will continue to stay in the human body.
Long-term ingestion of cadmium-containing food can cause chronic kidney poisoning, mainly damage renal tubules and glomeruli, resulting in albuminuria, amino acid urine and glycosuria. At the same time, cadmium ion replaces calcium ion in bone, thus hindering the normal deposition of calcium on bone, and also hindering the normal solidification and maturation of bone collagen, leading to rickets disease.
In March 2013, Nanfang Daily reported the news that cadmium-contaminated rice from Hunan had entered the Guangdong market under the headline "Problematic Rice from Hunan is Flowing to Guangdong Tables". All of a sudden, "cadmium rice" has entered the attention of the media and the public, and the wide distribution of "cadmium rice" has made people pay attention to the serious problem of heavy metal pollution. So what are the effects of cadmium on the human body?
Distribution of cadmium rice in China
In April 2014, according to the news released on the Greenpeace website: the environmental organization Greenpeace released the latest report "Colored" rice -- Investigation of heavy metal pollution of rice in Hengdong County, Hunan Province ", which said that the rice, rice soil and surface water around Hengdong Industrial Park (Dapu piece) in Hengyang City, Hunan Province exceeded the standard of heavy metals. Twelve of the 13 rice samples tested showed excessive levels of cadmium and various levels of lead, and other heavy metals, with the highest level of cadmium nearly 21 times higher than the national standard. Through the comprehensive analysis of many factors, the non-ferrous metal enterprises in the industrial park is an important source of local heavy metal pollution.
With the occurrence of cadmium pollution incidents, the public attention to the harm of cadmium is increasing. Here are a few common questions about it:
What is the limit of cadmium in rice?
China's Limit of Pollutants in Food (GB2762-2012) sets the limit of cadmium in rice at 0.2mg/kg, which is consistent with the standard of the European Union, which hopes to further raise the standard to 0.1mg/kg. Japan and the International Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) stipulate that the limit of cadmium in rice is 0.4mg/kg. Because there is no evidence that cadmium in food causes health problems in the United States, there are no U.S. standards.
How is cadmium rice produced? How does cadmium pollute the environment and food?
Cadmium in the environment mainly comes from the earth's crust and industrial pollution. Cadmium in plant food mainly comes from metallurgy, smelting, ceramics, electroplating industry and chemical industry (such as batteries, plastic additives, food preservatives, pesticides, pigments) and other "three wastes". Cadmium is usually discharged into the environment through waste water and gas; industrial waste gas containing cadmium diffuses and settles naturally, and accumulates in the soil around factories; mineral processing wastewater from lead and zinc mines and wastewater from related industries (electroplating, alkaline batteries) is discharged into surface water or seeps into groundwater, polluting water sources and soil; and then contaminates crops through irrigation and planting.
Studies by experts of the United States Department of Agriculture show that rice is the most cadmium absorbing bulk cereal crop, and its cadmium level in grain is second only to lettuce. Cadmium in animal food is also mainly from the natural environment, under normal circumstances, the content of cadmium is relatively low. But cadmium has obvious tendency to bioaccumulate in animals in polluted environment. In 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources released a national soil pollution survey communique, noting that the rate of cadmium pollutants exceeding the standard reached 7.0 percent, several times that of other pollutants.
Could cadmium pollution have caused the "Itatake disease" disaster that occurred in Japan in the 20th century?
There is no need to worry too much about the widespread "pain pain disease" known as "pain pain in the joints and spine". Cadmium (Cd) is the most serious heavy metal to rice pollution. In the 1960s, a strange disease appeared in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Most of the patients were menopausal women, and it was confined to the irrigated areas of the Shitongchuan River basin. The disease did not occur when locals moved to other places. Clinical manifestations of the first waist pain, back pain, knee pain, later throughout the whole body. Pain activity aggravates, more pathological fracture occurs, thereby causing shortening of the body, serious bone deformity, serious, some slight activity or cough can cause fracture, heavy long-term bed, day and night cry pain, so the name "pain pain disease". At first, the cause of the disease was unknown, but a large number of epidemiological investigations and experimental studies confirmed that "Tongtong disease" was caused by chronic cadmium poisoning. Tongtong disease has been identified as one of the four major public hazards in Japan.
But only patients who have had proximal tubular dysfunction for many years develop pain pain disease, and in a small proportion. In Japan, an average of 300 out of every 100, 000 chronically heavy cadmium users develop the condition. If the problem of cadmium in rice was better managed, no one would suffer from "pain pain disease" due to cadmium ingestion.
Besides cadmium-containing food, which is the main source of poisoning, what other products can cause cadmium poisoning?
In daily life, cadmium may also appear in jewelry. In the process of recycling or wearing jewelry containing cadmium, the cadmium will penetrate into the environment and human body, accumulate and enrich in nature, especially in water, soil and human body, thus disturbing the ecosystem and becoming a health obstacle to human beings, and ultimately directly threatening the safety and survival of human life. The quality watchdog warned dealers and consumers to be careful about buying metal accessories, especially metal hair accessories.
In addition, parents who regularly wear accessories for their children should also be aware that a large number of children's accessories have been found to contain high levels of the toxic metal cadmium, according to a US study.
Children chewing cadmium-containing jewelry can be toxic, affecting kidney function and brain development, according to a report in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Children are getting more than just toys when they unwrap presents. Among those cute gifts lurk heavy metals that can cause brain damage. After Congress banned lead in children's toys in 2008, cadmium, often found in batteries, started making its way into children's accessories. Many children put accessories in their mouths, increasing the risk of heavy metal poisoning, the report said. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), children's jewelry contains 18 micrograms of soluble cadmium. However, among the 34 pieces tested, eight pieces contained more than 18 micrograms of cadmium, and one piece contained 2,109 micrograms of cadmium, more than 100 times higher.
How to prevent cadmium food poisoning?
A person's daily allowance for cadmium is his body weight in kilograms multiplied by 5/6 micrograms. On the whole, the average dietary cadmium intake of Chinese residents is still within the safe range. But in heavily polluted areas such as Guangdong and Hunan, per capita cadmium intake is above the standard. Try to reduce consumption of shellfish, seafood and offal of livestock and poultry with high cadmium content. Do not smoke or smoke less.
Prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by cadmium
Cadmium is one of the major environmental pollutants. Once the environment is polluted by cadmium, it is difficult to eliminate it. Therefore, we should adhere to environmental monitoring and strictly control the discharge of "three wastes", strengthen the treatment of industrial cadmium and three wastes, and rationally mine and smelt. Soil improvement measures can be taken for cadmium-contaminated soil, such as adding lime to the soil to improve soil pH value. Use phosphate fertilizers to precipitate cadmium phosphate, thus reducing the absorption of cadmium by plants. Activated carbon, montmorillonite, kaolin, bentonite, weathering media, sulfonated coal, high temperature slag, zeolite, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, diatomite, improved fiber, eggshell, activated alumina humus, nanomaterials and other adsorbents because of its large surface area, complex structure and some other properties, can have a good adsorption effect on soil and water cadmium. When animals are fed diets with high cadmium content, elements such as zinc, iron, copper, calcium, selenium and vitamin C which have antagonistic effect on cadmium can be added to reduce the toxicity of cadmium to animals.
What harm does excessive intake of cadmium bring to human body?
Cadmium is not an essential element for human body, and it is an environmental pollutant. Under normal circumstances, excessive intake of cadmium can lead to cadmium poisoning. The World Health Organization lists cadmium as a priority food pollutant; The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies cadmium as a human carcinogen, which can cause serious health damage to humans. The United States Bureau for Poison and Disease Registry (ATSDR) lists cadmium as the seventh hazardous substance to human health; China has also listed cadmium as one of the key monitoring indicators for total emission control.
1. Acute poisoning
Cadmium is a toxic element and its compounds are even more toxic. It was a chemical compound that didn't interact with human life, but the Industrial revolution unleashed the devil. Foreign research estimates that 22,000 tons of cadmium enter the soil every year. In nature, cadmium compounds have different toxicity. The toxicity of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenosulfonic acid is lower, while the toxicity of cadmium oxide, cadmium chloride and cadmium sulfate is higher. Cadmium poisoning in humans averages 100mg. The main symptoms of acute poisoning are nausea, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and then lead to the symptoms of central nervous poisoning. Severe cases may result in death due to collapse.
2. Subchronic and chronic toxicity
When the environment is polluted by cadmium, cadmium can be enriched in the biological body, through the food chain into the human body to cause chronic poisoning. The biological half-life of cadmium is 10~30 years, and the bioenrichment effect is significant. Even if the contact is stopped, most of the accumulated cadmium will continue to stay in the human body.
Long-term ingestion of cadmium-containing food can cause chronic kidney poisoning, mainly damage renal tubules and glomeruli, resulting in albuminuria, amino acid urine and glycosuria. At the same time, cadmium ion replaces calcium ion in bone, thus hindering the normal deposition of calcium on bone, and also hindering the normal solidification and maturation of bone collagen, leading to rickets disease.
In March 2013, Nanfang Daily reported the news that cadmium-contaminated rice from Hunan had entered the Guangdong market under the headline "Problematic Rice from Hunan is Flowing to Guangdong Tables". All of a sudden, "cadmium rice" has entered the attention of the media and the public, and the wide distribution of "cadmium rice" has made people pay attention to the serious problem of heavy metal pollution. So what are the effects of cadmium on the human body?
Distribution of cadmium rice in China
In April 2014, according to the news released on the Greenpeace website: the environmental organization Greenpeace released the latest report "Colored" rice -- Investigation of heavy metal pollution of rice in Hengdong County, Hunan Province ", which said that the rice, rice soil and surface water around Hengdong Industrial Park (Dapu piece) in Hengyang City, Hunan Province exceeded the standard of heavy metals. Twelve of the 13 rice samples tested showed excessive levels of cadmium and various levels of lead, and other heavy metals, with the highest level of cadmium nearly 21 times higher than the national standard. Through the comprehensive analysis of many factors, the non-ferrous metal enterprises in the industrial park is an important source of local heavy metal pollution.
With the occurrence of cadmium pollution incidents, the public attention to the harm of cadmium is increasing. Here are a few common questions about it:
What is the limit of cadmium in rice?
China's Limit of Pollutants in Food (GB2762-2012) sets the limit of cadmium in rice at 0.2mg/kg, which is consistent with the standard of the European Union, which hopes to further raise the standard to 0.1mg/kg. Japan and the International Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) stipulate that the limit of cadmium in rice is 0.4mg/kg. Because there is no evidence that cadmium in food causes health problems in the United States, there are no U.S. standards.
How is cadmium rice produced? How does cadmium pollute the environment and food?
Cadmium in the environment mainly comes from the earth's crust and industrial pollution. Cadmium in plant food mainly comes from metallurgy, smelting, ceramics, electroplating industry and chemical industry (such as batteries, plastic additives, food preservatives, pesticides, pigments) and other "three wastes". Cadmium is usually discharged into the environment through waste water and gas; industrial waste gas containing cadmium diffuses and settles naturally, and accumulates in the soil around factories; mineral processing wastewater from lead and zinc mines and wastewater from related industries (electroplating, alkaline batteries) is discharged into surface water or seeps into groundwater, polluting water sources and soil; and then contaminates crops through irrigation and planting.
Studies by experts of the United States Department of Agriculture show that rice is the most cadmium absorbing bulk cereal crop, and its cadmium level in grain is second only to lettuce. Cadmium in animal food is also mainly from the natural environment, under normal circumstances, the content of cadmium is relatively low. But cadmium has obvious tendency to bioaccumulate in animals in polluted environment. In 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources released a national soil pollution survey communique, noting that the rate of cadmium pollutants exceeding the standard reached 7.0 percent, several times that of other pollutants.
Could cadmium pollution have caused the "Itatake disease" disaster that occurred in Japan in the 20th century?
There is no need to worry too much about the widespread "pain pain disease" known as "pain pain in the joints and spine". Cadmium (Cd) is the most serious heavy metal to rice pollution. In the 1960s, a strange disease appeared in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Most of the patients were menopausal women, and it was confined to the irrigated areas of the Shitongchuan River basin. The disease did not occur when locals moved to other places. Clinical manifestations of the first waist pain, back pain, knee pain, later throughout the whole body. Pain activity aggravates, more pathological fracture occurs, thereby causing shortening of the body, serious bone deformity, serious, some slight activity or cough can cause fracture, heavy long-term bed, day and night cry pain, so the name "pain pain disease". At first, the cause of the disease was unknown, but a large number of epidemiological investigations and experimental studies confirmed that "Tongtong disease" was caused by chronic cadmium poisoning. Tongtong disease has been identified as one of the four major public hazards in Japan.
But only patients who have had proximal tubular dysfunction for many years develop pain pain disease, and in a small proportion. In Japan, an average of 300 out of every 100, 000 chronically heavy cadmium users develop the condition. If the problem of cadmium in rice was better managed, no one would suffer from "pain pain disease" due to cadmium ingestion.
Besides cadmium-containing food, which is the main source of poisoning, what other products can cause cadmium poisoning?
In daily life, cadmium may also appear in jewelry. In the process of recycling or wearing jewelry containing cadmium, the cadmium will penetrate into the environment and human body, accumulate and enrich in nature, especially in water, soil and human body, thus disturbing the ecosystem and becoming a health obstacle to human beings, and ultimately directly threatening the safety and survival of human life. The quality watchdog warned dealers and consumers to be careful about buying metal accessories, especially metal hair accessories.
In addition, parents who regularly wear accessories for their children should also be aware that a large number of children's accessories have been found to contain high levels of the toxic metal cadmium, according to a US study.
Children chewing cadmium-containing jewelry can be toxic, affecting kidney function and brain development, according to a report in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Children are getting more than just toys when they unwrap presents. Among those cute gifts lurk heavy metals that can cause brain damage. After Congress banned lead in children's toys in 2008, cadmium, often found in batteries, started making its way into children's accessories. Many children put accessories in their mouths, increasing the risk of heavy metal poisoning, the report said. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), children's jewelry contains 18 micrograms of soluble cadmium. However, among the 34 pieces tested, eight pieces contained more than 18 micrograms of cadmium, and one piece contained 2,109 micrograms of cadmium, more than 100 times higher.
How to prevent cadmium food poisoning?
A person's daily allowance for cadmium is his body weight in kilograms multiplied by 5/6 micrograms. On the whole, the average dietary cadmium intake of Chinese residents is still within the safe range. But in heavily polluted areas such as Guangdong and Hunan, per capita cadmium intake is above the standard. Try to reduce consumption of shellfish, seafood and offal of livestock and poultry with high cadmium content. Do not smoke or smoke less.
Prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by cadmium
Cadmium is one of the major environmental pollutants. Once the environment is polluted by cadmium, it is difficult to eliminate it. Therefore, we should adhere to environmental monitoring and strictly control the discharge of "three wastes", strengthen the treatment of industrial cadmium and three wastes, and rationally mine and smelt. Soil improvement measures can be taken for cadmium-contaminated soil, such as adding lime to the soil to improve soil pH value. Use phosphate fertilizers to precipitate cadmium phosphate, thus reducing the absorption of cadmium by plants. Activated carbon, montmorillonite, kaolin, bentonite, weathering media, sulfonated coal, high temperature slag, zeolite, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, diatomite, improved fiber, eggshell, activated alumina humus, nanomaterials and other adsorbents because of its large surface area, complex structure and some other properties, can have a good adsorption effect on soil and water cadmium. When animals are fed diets with high cadmium content, elements such as zinc, iron, copper, calcium, selenium and vitamin C which have antagonistic effect on cadmium can be added to reduce the toxicity of cadmium to animals.
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