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Lutetium metal
Lutetium alloy
Lutetium powder
Lutetium particle
Lutetium is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Lu. The corresponding element of lutetium is a silver-white metal, which is the hardest and densest metal among rare earth elements. Melting point 1663ºC, boiling point 3395ºC, density 9.8404. Lutetium is stable in air. Lutetium oxide is a colorless crystal, soluble in acid to form the corresponding colorless salt. Lutetium is mainly used for research purposes but has few other uses. It is soluble in dilute acid and can interact with water slowly. Salts are colorless and oxides are white. Naturally occurring isotopes are: 175Lu and the beta emitter 176Lu with a half-life of 2.1×10^10 years. Due to little natural reserves and high price, luftelluride LuF ·2HO is formulated by calcium reduction for atomic energy industry.
Lutetium's rare earth metal is lustrous between silver and iron. Impurity content has a great influence on their properties, so their physical properties are often significantly different in the literature. Lanthanum is a superconductor at 6°K. Most rare earth metals exhibit paramagnetic properties, and gadolinium is more ferromagnetic than iron at 0 ° C. Terbium, dysprosium, holmium and erbium also exhibit ferromagnetism at low temperatures. The low melting point of lanthanum and cerium and the high evaporation pressure of samarium, europium and ytterbium show great differences in the physical properties of rare earth metals. Samarium, europium and gadolinium have a larger thermal neutron absorption cross section than cadmium and boron, which are widely used as control materials for nuclear reactors. Rare earth metals have plasticity, and samarium and ytterbium are the best. Except ytterbium, yttrium group rare earths have higher hardness than cerium group rare earths [3].
Atomic weight of lutetium element: 175.0
CAS No. : 7439-94-3 [3]
Bulk modulus of elasticity: Gpa: 47.6
Enthalpy of atomization: kJ/mol @25ºC : 98
Heat capacity: J/ (mol·K) : 6.7186
Conductivity: 106/(cm·Ω) : 0.0185
Thermal conductivity: W/ (m·K) : 6.4
Heat of melting (kJ/mol) : 18.60
Heat of vaporization (kJ/mol) : 355.90
Atomic volume (cubic cm/mole) : 17.78
Element content in the universe (ppm) : 0.00001
Element content in the Sun (ppm) : 0.001
Element content in seawater (ppm) : 0.00000014, Atlantic surface
Oxidation state: Main Lu+3
Content in the crust: (ppm) : 0.51 Crystal structure: hexagonal cell.
Cell parameters:
a = 350.31pm
b = 350.31pm
c = 555.09pm
Alpha is equal to 90 degrees
Beta = 90°
Gamma is equal to 120 degrees
Vickers Hardness: 1160MPa
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
M minus 523.5
M+ - M2+1340
M2+ - M3+ 2022
M3+ - + 4360
Relative atomic mass: 174.96
Common valence: +3
Electronegativity: 1
Outer electron shell configuration: 4f14 5d1 6s2
Electron configuration: 2,8,18,32,9,2
Electron shell: KLMNOP
Number of electrons: 2-8-18-32-18-8
Isotopes and Radiation: Lu-172[6.7Gd] Lu-173[1.37y] Lu-174[3.3y]s *Lu-175 Lu-176(beta [3.6E10y]) Lu-177[6.68d]
Electron affinity: 0KJ·mol-1
Elemental density: 9.85g/cm³
Elemental melting point: 1656.0 ºC
Elemental boiling point: 3315.0ºC
Atomic radius: 2.25 angstroms
Ionic radius: 0.98(+3) angstroms
Covalent radius: 1.56 angstroms
Chemical properties editor
lutetium
lutetium
Rare earth metals are very chemically active. When interacting with oxygen, a very stable RO (R for rare-earth metals) is formed. Cerium, prasmium, and terbium also formed CeO, PrO, and TbO oxides. Their standard heat of formation and standard enthalpy negative values are larger than those of calcium, aluminum and magnesium oxides. With a melting point above 2000ºC, europium has the largest atomic radius and the most active properties. It immediately loses its luster when exposed to air at room temperature and is quickly oxidized into a powder. Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium are also easy to oxidize, forming oxide films on the surface. The metal yttrium, gadolinium, lutetium has strong corrosion resistance and can keep its metallic luster for a long time. Rare earth metals can react with water at different rates. Europium reacts violently with cold water to release hydrogen. Cerium group rare earth metals react slowly with water at room temperature, but faster at higher temperature. Yttrium group rare earth metals are more stable. Rare earth metals react with halogens at high temperatures to form +2, +3, +4 valence halides. Anhydrous halides are very absorbent and easily hydrolyzed to form ROX (X denotes halogen) type haloxide compounds. Rare earth metals can also react with boron, carbon, sulfur, hydrogen and nitrogen to form corresponding compounds.
Application field editor broadcast
Rare earth - lutetium oxide
Rare earth - lutetium oxide
Rare earth metals and their alloys play the role of deoxidation and desulfurization in steelmaking, which can reduce the content of both to less than 0.001%, change the shape of inclusions, refine grains, so as to improve the processing performance of steel, improve strength, toughness, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. Rare earth metals and their alloys are used in the manufacture of nodular cast iron, high strength gray cast iron and vermicular cast iron. They can change the form of graphite in cast iron, improve the casting process and improve the mechanical properties of cast iron. Adding a small amount of rare earth metals to bronze and brass smelting can improve the strength, elongation, heat resistance and electrical conductivity of the alloys. The high temperature strength can be improved by adding 1% ~ 1.5% rare earth metals to cast Al Si alloy. The tensile strength and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy wire can be improved by adding rare earth metals. The addition of 0.3% rare earth metal in Fe-Cr-Al electrothermal alloy can improve the oxidation resistance, resistivity and high temperature strength. Adding rare earth metals to titanium and its alloys can refine grain, reduce creep rate and improve high temperature corrosion resistance. Microsphere molecular sieves prepared from cerium mixed rare earth chlorides and lanthanide rich rare earth chlorides for petroleum catalytic cracking process. Rare earth and transition metal composite oxide catalysts are used for oxidation purification, which can convert carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water. A ternary system catalyst of praseodymium neodymium naphthene-alkyl aluminum-chloride was used to synthesize rubber [4].
Rare earth polishing powder is used for polishing various glass devices. A single high purity rare earth oxide is used to synthesize various fluorescent materials, such as red phosphor for color television and white phosphor for projection television. Rare earth iodide is used to make metal halogen lamps instead of carbon rod arc lamps. The rare earth - cobalt hard magnetic alloy prepared from rare earth metals has the advantages of high remanence and high coercivity. Yttrium iron garnet ferrite is a single or polycrystalline ferromagnetic material made of high purity YO and iron oxide. They are used in microwave devices. High purity GdO was used to prepare yttrium garnet, and its single crystals were used as the base for the bubble. The LaNi hydrogen storage materials, which were made of Lanthanum and nickel, had high hydrogen absorption and discharge rates. It was possible to store 6.5 ~ 6.7 mol of hydrogen for every mole of LaNi. In the atomic energy industry, the large neutron absorption cross sections of isotopes of europium and gadolinium are used as control rods and neutron absorbers for light water reactors and fast neutron breeder reactors. Rare earth elements as trace fertilizer can increase crop yield. Flint is the traditional use of rare earth alloy and is still an important use of cerium group rare earth metals.
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