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Thulium metal
Thulium alloy
Thulium powder
Thulium particle
Thulium is a silver-white metal with the element symbol Tm. It is malleable, soft and can be cut with a knife. Melting point 1545°C, boiling point 1947°C, density 9.3208. Thulium is stable in the air; Thulium oxide is a light green crystal. Thulium has an atomic number of 69 and an atomic weight of 168.93421. Its name comes from the country where it was discovered. In 1879, Swedish scientist Clive isolated two new elements, thulium and holmium, from erbium soil. Thulium has a content of 2 parts per 100,000 in the earth's crust, making it the least abundant of the rare earth elements. It is found mainly in yttrium and black-dilute gold deposits, with only thulium 169 as a natural stable isotope. Widely used in high intensity power source, laser, high temperature superconductor and other fields.
Thulium is a silver-white metal, malleable and soft, which can be cut with a knife. Melting point 1545°C, boiling point 1947°C, density 9.3208.
Thulium is stable in the air; Thulium oxide is a light green crystal. A soft silver-white metal with a high vapor pressure at melting point. Salt (bivalent) oxides are all light green.
Name of element: thulium
Atomic weight of element: 168.9
thulium
thulium
Atomic volume: (cubic cm/mol) : 18.1 Amount of the element in the Sun: (ppm) : 0.0002
Element content in seawater: (ppm) : Atlantic Surface 0.00000013
Crystal structure: the cell is hexagonal.
Cell parameters:
a = 353.75pm; b = 353.75pm; c = 555.46pm; α = 90°; β = 90°; Gamma is equal to 120 degrees
Content in the crust: (ppm) : 0.48
Vickers Hardness: 520MPa
Oxidation state: Main Tm+3
Crystal structure
Crystal structure
Ionization energy (kJ /mol) : M -- M+ 596.7; M+ -- M2+ 1163; M2+ -- M3+ 2285; M3+ -M4 + 4119
Relative atomic mass: 168.934
Common valence: +3
Electronegativity: 1.25
Outer shell configuration: 4f13 6s2
Electron configuration: 2,8,18,31,8,2
Nuclear charge: 69
Electron shell: K-L-M-N-O-P
Isotopes and Radiation: Tm-168[93.1d], Tm-169, Tm-170[128.6d], Tm-171[1.92y], Tm-172[2.65d]
Thulium laser surgery Minimally invasive surgery
Thulium laser surgery Minimally invasive surgery
Electron affinity sum energy: 0 KJ·mol-1
First ionization energy: 596.4 KJ·mol-1
Second ionization energy: 1163 KJ·mol-1
Third ionization energy: 0 KJ·mol-1
Elemental density: 9.321 g/cm3
Elemental melting point: 1545.0 ºC
Elemental boiling point: 1727.0 ºC
Atomic radius: 2.42 angstroms
Ionic radius: 1.09(+3) angstroms
Covalent radius: 1.56 [2]
Chemical properties editor
Dissolves in acid and reacts slowly with water.
Application field editor broadcast
Although thulium is rare and expensive, it has some applications in specific fields.
High intensity discharge light source
Thulium is often introduced into high-intensity discharge sources in the form of high-purity halides (usually thulium bromide), with the purpose of using thulium's spectrum.
laser
Holmium - chromium - thulium-triple doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG) is an active laser dielectric material with high efficiency. It emits a laser with a wavelength of 2097 nm and is widely used in military, medical and meteorological applications. Thulium-monodoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Tm:YAG) emits a laser with a wavelength between 1930nm and 2040nm, and is effective at ablation of tissue surfaces, keeping clotting from getting too deep in both air and water. This makes thulium lasers potentially useful in basic laser surgery [3].
X-ray source
Despite their high cost, portable X-ray devices containing thulium have begun to be used extensively as radiation sources in nuclear reactions. These sources have a service life of about a year and can be used as a tool for medical and dental diagnosis, as well as for the detection of defects in mechanical and electronic components that are difficult to reach by manpower. These sources do not require large amounts of radiation protection - only small amounts of lead [4].
Thulium-170 is increasingly used as a radiation source for brachytherapy of cancer. This isotope has a half-life of 128.6 days and five emission lines of comparable intensity (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, and 84.253 kiloelectron volts). Thulium-170 is also one of the four most commonly used sources of industrial radiation.
High temperature superconducting material
Like yttrium, thulium is also used in high-temperature superconductors. Thulium has a potential use in ferrite: as a ceramic magnetic material used in microwave devices. Because of its special spectrum, thulium can be used, like scandium, in the lighting of arc lamps, which use thulium to emit green light that is not overlaid by the emission lines of other elements. Because thulium glows blue when exposed to ultraviolet light, thulium is also used as one of the anti-counterfeiting symbols in euro notes. Blue fluorescence given off by calcium sulfate added with thulium is used in a personal dosimeter for radiation dose detection [3].
Preparation method edit broadcast
Obtained from anhydrous thulium TmF3 by this reduction; Or from sulfur vapor in a mixture of lanthanum and thulium oxides.
Biological action editing podcast
Thulium exists in trace amounts in the human body, the exact amount of which is unknown. Thulium is known to have no biological role, and although small amounts of thulium can stimulate metabolism and soluble thulium salts are mildly toxic, insoluble thulium salts are non-toxic. Injection of thulium salt solution causes degeneration of the liver and spleen and fluctuations in hemoglobin levels. Liver damage caused by thulium is more common in male than female rats; Despite this, thulium is classified as low toxic. In the human body, the organs with the highest levels of thulium are the liver, kidneys and bones. Each person typically ingests a few micrograms of thulium per year. The roots of plants do not take up thulium. Thulium accounts for about one part per billion of the dry weight of vegetables. Thulium's dust is inhalation and digestive toxic and may cause an explosion in the air. Radioactive thulium can cause radiation sickness.
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